tools

1. Websites directories/ Glossaries

1.4 Websites directories

Infovis Cyberinfrastructure -English-
This page provides pointers to commonly used data analysis and visualization algorithms. An 'IVC Software Framework' was implemented to facilitate the easy integration of diverse software packages and their menu driven usage. Many software packages are available in Java and hence can be run on any platform that supports Java 1.4.
License : open source

The InfoVis:Wiki project -English-
Project that is intended to provide a community platform and forum integrating recent developments and news on all areas and aspects of Information Visualization.

Informatioon aesthetics -English-
A very useful blog towards experiences about visualization of datas, dayly updated with new links

net.art wiki -Català-
Anomenem net.art a un conjunt de pràctiques artístiques sorgides a mitjans dels anys 90 que es desenvolupen a internet i que són específiques d'un entorn "de xarxa"; utilitzen els seus protocols i tecnologies, investiguen els seus límits i aposten per formes d'art cooperatives i distribuïdes. El net.art és un tipus d'art digital específic d'internet, License : gnu-fdl

enlloc.org -Català-
A continuació referenciem una sèrie de programes i/o treballs que utilitzen sistemes de representació visual de xarxes. Alguns són programes d'anàlisi científic i d'altres projectes vinculats al net.art o al software-art Alguns d'aquest programes els hem utilitzat, analitzat i debatut sobre l'experiència d'usar-los en el context de taller de net.art

Visual complexity
-English-
Web site that intends to be a unified resource space for anyone interested in the visualization of complex networks. The project's main goal is to leverage a critical understanding of different visualization methods, across a series of disciplines, as diverse as Biology, Social Networks or the World Wide Web. I truly hope this space can inspire, motivate and enlighten any person doing research on this field.

1.5 Glossaries

graph theory glossary -English-
Glossary about graphs science, algorhytms and much more...

atlas of cyberspaces -English-
It is an atlas of differnet kinds of maps and graphic representations of the internet. As it says in the introduction:This is an atlas of maps and graphic representations of the geographies of the new electronic territories of the Internet, the World-Wide? Web and other emerging Cyberspaces. License type: copyright, under creative commons

Basic glossary to get on well with visualizations

-English-

2. Mapping Empire, biopower, biopolitics / Mapping the movements: struggles and resistances

Map of the market -English-
A visualization about current trades and sharing of the market
License type: copyright

Journal of maps -English-
The Journal of Maps is a new inter-disciplinary online, electronic, journal that aims to provide a forum for researchers to publish their maps. Using full peer review and a reverse publishing method (where the author pays for the review process), all published maps will be freely distributed to anyone wishing to view them. Its is basically a search engine towards mapping experiences

Map of creativity from next generation foundation -English-
Given the enormous number of innovative projects, many of which are unknown outside a narrow circle of researchers, the NGf has developed a tool to make educational innovation visible. The Map of Creativity contains hundreds of projects recommended to us by educators around the world. If you know of an innovative project to support creativity, learning, or play, you can follow the simple instructions to put it on the Map. To help other users, consider rating some of the projects you discover on the Map. The Map is only as good as you make it!

Feminicide Ciudad Juarez: grand serial killer ciudad juarez -English-
Flash map with data about women murdering in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico

Mapping war on Irak -English-
Designed using flash, a map on Irak war with images and sounds counting number of civilian victims

Minga2, enlloc -Català-
A molts països de l'Amèrica del Centre i del Sud s'utilitza el mot minga per definir una forma de treball on els veïns es posen d'acord per treballar junts i de forma no remunerada per tal de dur a terme tasques necessàries per a la comunitat. Amb el sistema MHINGA (Macroeconomics Human-to-Human Interface on the Net for a Global Approach) pretenem desenvolupar una eina de codi obert per tal que molta gent, treballant junts, poguem fer alguna cosa per entendre com els diners circulen pel món.

3. Mapping territories: topography, coordinates, territorial maps

3.3 maps generators

MapOmatix -English-
Collective tactical maps (carto-telling), that allows also conceptual mapping

MapOmatix workshop -English-
Notes from a Workshop towards a public digital infrastructure for knowledge, presentation Monday 28th - Tuesday 29th November 2005, Eursschouwburg, Brussels

WorldKit -English-
WorldKit is an easy to use and flexible mapping application for the Web. Light weight GIS. It's a SWF based app, configured by XML, data fed by RSS. Stand-alone use or integration in larger projects.
License: free software, GPL

Online Map Creation -English-
You may create maps interactively at this site. Fill out the form, submit your entries and a page with the desired map will be returned to your browser. The maps are actually created by the "Generic Mapping Tools" (GMT). This means a PostScript* version is drawn first which you can download onto your harddisk after completion. The PNG-version (the one you get to see in your browser window) may be saved by terms of your browser.

History timeline wiki on google maps -English-
Allow ability to add any event at any point in history, which will be placed in the category struct; it uses an api of google earth. Allow ability to change political borders/names for any area on the map, at any point in history, and tie this change to an event.
License: copyright

3.4 GIS/GPS

MapServer -English / Italiano / Français/ German-
MapServer is an Open Source development environment for building spatially-enabled internet applications. MapServer is not a full-featured GIS system, nor does it aspire to be. Instead, MapServer excels at rendering spatial data (maps, images, and vector data) for the web.
Beyond browsing GIS data, MapServer allows you create "geographic image maps", that is, maps that can direct users to content. For example, the Minnesota DNR Recreation Compass provides users with more than 10,000 web pages, reports and maps via a single application. The same application serves as a "map engine" for other portions of the site, providing spatial context where needed. License type : open source

CartoWeb -English-
Advanced Geographical Information System for the Web
CartoWeb is a comprehensive and ready-to-use Web-GIS (Geographical Information System) as well as a convenient framework for building advanced and customized applications. Developed by Camptocamp SA, it is based on the UMN MapServer engine and is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

4. Semantic maps : Social networks, Networks of conversation, Flow maps, Conceptual mapping, Tree maps, Graphs

4.1 Browsers

Casual or non hierarachical reality-like visualization -English / Català-
Tags: casual visualization, concept landsacapes, multiviewsalization, tagcloud, contents concentrator. Under the name Casual I am including a set of web scripts that drive us to the idea of random realities, creating a unique media contents landscape on demand. With Casual you can visualize and browse indexed and semantic multi-media contents. Casual is,
a tool that wants to be another way to have a glance at the reality. Casual is just a way to concentrate present contents, it uses public API & homemade parser to get contents from the bigger sensitive containers like wikipedia , google images . In the future I'm planning to add del.icio.us , dicts.org , etc.

Outfoxed -English-
"Outfoxed is the implementation side of my master's thesis at the University of Osnabrück, Germany. The thesis title is Trusted Metadata Distribution Using Social Networks. In a nutshell, I'm exploring ways for you to use your network of trusted friends to determine what's good, bad, and dangerous on the internet. Outfoxed does this by adding functionality to the Firefox web browser."
License type : open license

Context Viewer -English-
Developed by Yugo Nakamura, Context Viewer is a visual browser which visualizes the context within registered "keywords" in Japanese pioneering contextual community "Kanshin Kukan" service. It's still under construction but its beta version is now running. License type : beta version > copyright

Riot-potatoland -English-
Riot is an alternative, "cross-content" Web browser. Like it's real-world namesake, Riot disrupts the accepted rules of property and exposes the fragility of territorial boundaries. Inspired by the clashing classes and ideologies of New York's lower east side, Riot is a software coded "melting pot", a blender that mixes web pages from separate domains into one browser window. License type: copyright

4.2 Networks

Network mapping tools in collaborative learning -English-
These tools make it possible to visualize clusters of learners working together - who is central to the cluster, who is more peripheral, how much overlap is there among clusters?

Flickr Graph -English-
Flickr Graph is an application that explores the social relationships inside flickr.com. It makes use of the classic attraction-repulsion algorithm for graphs. The user starts exploring its contacts by entering their flickr username or email address, after which the network starts emerging around its own icon. One can also explore uploaded photos by any user present in the graph.

TouchGraph -English-
The TouchGraph LiveJournal Browser allows one to visualize and explore social networks on. LiveJournal's Statistics page indicates that there are over 300,000 hosted weblogs updated daily, making LiveJournal one of the largest online social network communities. The magnitude of the LiveJournal userbase combined with their accommodating data collection policies makes it a perfect platform for social network visualization.

Schemaball -English-
flexible schema visualizer for SQL databases. The purpose of Schemaball is to help visualize the relationships between tables.
Schemaball is free software, licensed under GPL

4.3 Social Networks

Visualiser for Linux -English-
SocNetV is a Linux GUI program written in Qt3, licensed under the GNU Public Licence (GPL). Its main purpose is to bring to our Linux box comprehensive Social Networks Analysis and Visualisation. It can read and write various network file formats and enables the user to visually modify an existing network or draw a new network using the mouse. Network and actor properties, such as distances, centralities, diameter etc, can be easily computed. Also, it can create random networks (lattice, same degree, etc).

The NetVis -English-
The NetVis Module is a free open source web-based tool to analyze and visualize social networks using data from csv files, online surveys, and dispersed teams.

Computer Programs for Social Network Analysis
Web with software for network analysis and sociometry (mainly windows though but also some algorithms package)

4.4 Networks of conversations / Mailing lists

The open history timeline -English-
The Open History Timeline (OHT) is an open-source content-management system designed to support online community-based history writing. OHT is a system that can be used to work collaboratively on defining and writing history about any subject you would like. You could for example develop a history of your footballclub, family or school and decide together which facts and figures need to be collected, or choose larger issues such as the conflict in the Balkans or the history of copyright: which questions need to be asked, and which answers are valid? The OHT is designed with the idea in mind that history is a practice - not fixed but alive, and invites users to contribute with experiences, anecdotes and personal perspectives.

Friend of a Friend -English-
The Friend of a Friend (FOAF) project is about creating a Web of machine-readable homepages describing people, the links between them and the things they create and do.

NodeMail -English-
Visualization tool for email and a free and open device for social activism. The application renders NetActivism visible by exploiting email technology. It provides information about the social relations that configure the communication of any activism-related message.Nodemail works as follows: everytime someone generates a message through the online application, a principal node is created. For each user who receives the message, another node is created, and the hierarchies among these are maintained by chronological order. In this manner, the user can see who has sent the message for the first time, to whom he or she has sent them, how it arrives, and which users it has gone through. The user can also see how far his or her voice reached, and how his or her contacts sent the message to others all the way to the thousands or millions. It is a free and open tool for social mobilization, for each user is free to use this device to send content.

Locus Experimental Social Interface -English-
Locus is an instant messanger, social experiment, and art piece that is built on the premise that you are how you act.By examining how you and your friends talk with each other, Locus automatically tries to find likenesses between your friends. You can then see these potential relations mapped out for you! You can watch your social web grow as you speak.
License type : Free Software released under the GNU/GPL License

PieSpy -English-
PieSpy is an IRC bot that monitors a set of IRC channels. It uses a simple set of heuristics to infer relationships between pairs of users. These inferrences allow PieSpy? to build a mathematical model of a social network for any channel. These social networks can be drawn and used to create animations of evolving social networks.
License type: OSI Certified Open Source Software, available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Spheres: Spherical Surface of Dialogue -English-
spheres shaped by dialogue, a net of semantical combinations. The richness of words consists in their relations with one another. A single pair of words placed together is enough to create narrative, reflections, theories, poetry, humour, or even the arbitrary… Spheres is a project in constant evolution. At this point in time, there exist four spheres: Three spheres of words in distinct languages and one trilingual sphere, of recent publication, created as an interface of communication between the scientific and social communities.

Social Circles -English-
Social Circles intends to partially reveal the social networks that emerge in mailing lists. The idea was to visualize in near real-time the social hierarchies and the main subjects they address. When subscribing to a mailing you never know who the principals are, how many people are listening or what subjects they are talking about. It's like entering a meeting room with plenty of people in the darkness and then having to learn who is who by just listening to their voices.

4.5 Flow maps

r23.cc -English-
r23.cc is a permanent and continuous emission system, enabling participants to send audio and video streams through internet and locate and visualize the current state of the streaming system in real-time. An open system made with Free Software by people who invest knowledge and efforts in order to create non-controlled and non-corporate ways of living

Newsmap -English-
Newsmap is an application that visually reflects the constantly changing landscape of the Google News news aggregator. A treemap visualization algorithm helps display the enormous amount of information gathered by the aggregator. Treemaps are traditionally space-constrained visualizations of information. Newsmap's objective takes that goal a step further and provides a tool to divide information into quickly recognizable bands which, when presented together, reveal underlying patterns in news reporting across cultures and within news segments in constant change around the globe. Newsmap does not pretend to replace the googlenews aggregator. It's objective is to simply demonstrate visually the relationships between data and the unseen patterns in news media. It is not thought to display an unbiased view of the news, on the contrary it is thought to ironically accentuate the bias of it.
License type : copyright

Historiography Tracer -English-
Historiography Tracer explores how media images and their meanings fluctuate in the ecology of the world wide web. Mixing theoretical enquiry with speculative code, our aim is to plot possible methods for tracking appropriations, memes and mutations of images online. The project connects the ethical with the technical in order to understand the social implications of images becoming data.

blogviz. Mapping the dynamics of Information Diffusion in Blogspace -English-
Blogging presents one of the most fascinating social phenomenons of our time. This change in the flow of online information might radically change the way we look at news providers and large media conglomerates. Blogviz is a flash driven visualization model for mapping the transmission and internal structure of top links across the blogosphere. It explores the idea of meme propagation by assuming a parallel with the spreading of most cited URLs in daily weblog entries. License type: copyright

Issuecrawler.net -English-
Welcome to the Issue Crawler, the network mapping software by the Govcom.org Foundation, Amsterdam. The IssueCrawler is web network location software. It consists of a crawler, a co-link analysis engine and two visualisation modules. It is server-side software that crawls specified sites, captures the outlinks from the specified sites, performs co-link analysis on the outlinks, returns densely interlinked networks, and visualises them in circle and cluster maps.

SXSW Visualization -English-
Each square represents a transcript from the SXSW conference. The brightness of the lines connecting boxes indicates the number of words shared ("noise words" are filtered out). The distance to the center of the visualization indicated the total number of connections the text shares. The closer to the center, the more words the text shares with other texts.
content-nature semantic visualization of shared words, based on a transcription of a meeting
License type : Built with processing > open source > Source code: word_connect txt_obj

4.6 Tree maps

Area -English / Català-
AREA is a quantum treemap, that meants AREA is a non-ierarchical way to display lots of entities (see bellow the referencies for images and articles). Most of treemaps represent the entities in a non fix size. The traditional treemap applications are applied to represent a directory tree of an operating system. The size of the entities is relative to the size of the files and directories, so it makes really intuitive to detect the big ones. Colors are used to represent the kind of file. AREA is not this kind of treemap, AREA, as the article from Insitute for Advanced Computer Studies from the University of Maryland porpose, is a quantum treemap. You can get further information about treemaps here. Technically, AREA is a cgi-perl script that produces an HTML and it uses an small AJAX script to get the database queries, avoiding the ugly refresh process.

JTree map -English-
How to represent a tree in a map
License type: open source

4.7 Graphs

Graphdrawing -English-
GraphML is a comprehensive and easy-to-use file format for graphs. It consists of a language core to describe the structural properties of a graph and a flexible extension mechanism to add application-specific data.

GVF - The Graph Visualization Framework -English-
The Graph Visualization Framework is a set of design patterns and approaches that can serve as an example for applications that either manipulate graph structures or visualize them. The libraries implement several basic modules for input, graph management, property management, layout, and rendering. Some modules could be made to operate independently with some modification. For example, the graph management module can, in principle, be used as the data structure part of a program which doesn't necessarily use visualization. An application called "Royère" has been built using the GVF. Royère can be altered and extended to fit the needs of users. Some of the rationale for the design is described in a separate PDF document that has been published in Software: Practice & Experience.
License type: open source

FreeMind - free mind mapping software -English-
FreeMind is a premier free mind-mapping software written in Java. The recent development has hopefully turned it into high productivity tool. We are proud that the operation and navigation of FreeMind is faster than that of MindManager because of one-click "fold / unfold" and "follow link" operations.
License type: free software, licenced under GPL - GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). Basically, that means that you are free to use FreeMind to whatever you want without paying for that, and that any code derived from current FreeMind's code must also be licenced under GPL.

Cricket Broadcast Scoring and Statistics Database System -English-
For 10 years, TVNZ used a large international computer systems firm to provide their Live to air broadcast cricket graphics as well as provide the scoring application needed to integrate with the graphics system. With just a few months till the start of the '95-'96 season, TVNZ found themselves unable to get what they needed in the new age of computer graphics. Real Time Technology Limited built a relational database with it's own application that houses every detail of every player and every match played, allowing quick and easy querying. Virtually any cricket statistic can be obtained and converted into a TV graphic immediately.
License type: copyright

4.8 Visualisation toolkits

Improvise -English-
Exploratory visualization based on multiple coordinated views is a rapidly growing area of information visualization. Ideally, users would be able to explore their data by switching freely between building and browsing in a flexible, integrated, interactive graphical environment that requires little or no programming skill to use. However, the possibilities for displaying data across multiple views depends on the flexibility of coordination, the expressiveness of graphical encoding, and the ability of users to comprehend the structure of their visualizations as they work. As a result, exploration has been limited in practice to a small fraction of useful visualizations.Improvise is a fully-implemented Java software architecture and user interface that enables users to build and browse highly-coordinated visualizations interactively. By coupling a shared-object coordination model with a declarative visual query language, users gain precise control over how navigation and selection affects the appearance of data across multiple views, using a potentially infinite number of variations on well-known coordination patterns such as synchronized scrolling, overview+detail, brushing, drill-down, and semantic zoom. License type: copyright

OpenDX, Open Visualization Data Explorer -English-
OpenDX gives you new control over your data...and new insights into their meaning. Yet OpenDX is easy to use because it lets you visualize data in ways you've never dreamed of--without getting bogged down in the technology. As its name implies, OpenDX is Open Source. The license allows you to freely create, distribute, and develop visualization solutions as you see fit. OpenDX is a uniquely powerful, full-featured software package for the visualization of scientific, engineering and analytical data: Its open system design is built on a standard interface environments. And its sophisticated data model provides users with great flexibility in creating visualizations. License type: open source

Prefuse -English-
Prefuse is a user interface toolkit for building highly interactive visualizations of structured and unstructured data. This includes any form of data that can be represented as a set of entities (or nodes) possibly connected by any number of relations (or edges). Examples of data supported by prefuse include hierarchies (organization charts, taxonomies, file systems), networks (computer networks, social networks, web site linkage) and even non-connected collections of data (timelines, scatterplots).

 

Tools submitted online      Go to Submit form |

agrégateur poétique
Copyleft 2005 YannLeGuennec, oeuvre dérivée du Générateur Poétique 1986-2005 OlivierAuber
L'Agrégateur Poétique permet de visualiser le contenu des actualités délivrées sous forme de RSS par divers sites Internet (Wikis, blogs, moteurs de recherche, etc.), par exemple sous la forme de matrices colorées rafraîchies toutes les quelques minutes.

Des couleurs (ou des imagettes) sont associées à divers mots clés contenus dans le fil RSS suivant le choix de l'utilisateur. A l'intérieur de l'une de ces matrices (correspondant à un site), la "dernière modification" est située en haut à gauche, la plus ancienne en bas à droite. Pour connaître le contenu des actualités du site, il suffit simplement d'explorer le tableau avec la souris. Pour ouvrir la page correspondant à l'un de ces carrés, il suffit de faire un clic droit sur le carré en question pour l'ouvrir dans un nouvel onglet du navigateur.
Category: 4.5 Flow maps

SoNIA (Social Network Image Animator)
SoNIA is currently under development by Dan McFarland and Skye Bender-deMoll, originally supported b
SoNIA is a Java-based package for visualizing dynamic or longitudinal "network" data. By dynamic, we mean that in addition to information about the relations (ties) between various entities (actors, nodes) there is also information about when these relations occur, or at least the relative order in which they occur.

Our intention for SoNIA is to read-in dynamic network information from various formats, aid the user in constructing "meaningful" layouts, and export the resulting images or "movies" of the network, along with information about the techniques and parameter settings used to construct the layouts, and some form of statistic indicating the "accuracy" or degree of distortion present in the layout. This is all somewhat ambitious, but not impossible.
Category: 4.3 Social Networks

list of links
developpers of SONIA
directory composed by several links towards tools, databases,online papers, and so on related to social networks, its analisis and/or visualisations, very interesting
Category: 1.1 Introduction

a directory of tools about networks
in_portal systems
networkdocumentation
Category: 4.2 Networks

We feel fine, an exploration of human emotions in six movements
Jonathan Harris and Sep Kamvar
Since August 2005, We Feel Fine has been harvesting human feelings from a large number of weblogs. Every few minutes, the system searches the world&#039;s newly posted blog entries for occurrences of the phrases &quot;I feel&quot; and &quot;I am feeling&quot;. When it finds such a phrase, it records the full sentence, up to the period, and identifies the &quot;feeling&quot; expressed in that sentence (e.g. sad, happy, depressed, etc.). Because blogs are structured in largely standard ways, the age, gender, and geographical location of the author can often be extracted and saved along with the sentence, as can the local weather conditions at the time the sentence was written. All of this information is saved.<br /> The result is a database of several million human feelings, increasing by 15,000 - 20,000 new feelings per day. Using a series of playful interfaces, the feelings can be searched and sorted across a number of demographic slices, offering responses to specific questions like: do Europeans feel sad more often than Americans? Do women feel fat more often than men? Does rainy weather affect how we feel? What are the most representative feelings of female New Yorkers in their 20s? What do people feel right now in Baghdad? What were people feeling on Valentine&#039;s Day? Which are the happiest cities in the world? The saddest? And so on.
Category: 4.5 Flow maps

Visone
project leaders Ulrik Brandes Dorothea Wagner team members Michael Baur Myriam Freidinger Marc
visone is a long-term research project, in which models and algorithms to integrate and advance the analysis and visualization of social networks are being developed. An important part of visone is the design and implementation of a software tool intended for research and teaching in social network analysis. It is specifically designed to allow experts and novices alike to apply innovative and advanced visual methods with ease and accuracy.
Category: 4.3 Social Networks

LinguaStream
CNRS
An Integrated Experimentation Environment for Computational Linguistics <br /> <br /> The complexity of current natural language processing systems raises the need for advanced and specific computing tools. LinguaStream allows to design elegant and shareable solutions for many NLP problems, quickly and conveniently<br />
Category: Other

PeopleAgreggator
Broadband Mechanics, Inc... copyright
PeopleAggregator is a social network and blogging system in a box. You can create a hosted network or download and run it yourself. You can control who is in your network, what content it displays and what its rules are.
Category: 4.3 Social Networks

GPS Visualizer
http://adamschneider.net/
GPS Visualizer is a free, easy-to-use online utility that creates maps and profiles from GPS data (tracks and waypoints), street addresses, or simple coordinates. Use it to see where you&#039;ve been, plan where you&#039;re going, or visualize geographic data (business locations, scientific observations, events, customers, real estate, geotagging, etc.).<br /> GPS Visualizer can read data files from many different sources, including but not limited to: GPX, OziExplorer, Geocaching.com (.loc), IGC sailplane logs, Garmin Forerunner (.xml/.hst/.tcx), Timex Trainer (v1.3+), Cetus GPS, PathAway, cotoGPS, CompeGPS, TomTom (.pgl), IGN Rando (.rdn), Emtac Trine, Suunto X9/X9i (.sdf), NetStumbler/WiFiFoFum, GPSManager, MS Excel, and of course tab-delimited or comma-separated text
Category: 3.4 GIS/GPS

MapTools
group
Welcome to MapTools.org<br /> a resource for users and developers in the open source mapping community, and a home to many open source projects. The projects that are hosted here offer essential services including: latest downloads, CVS repositories for source code, bug lists, community mailing lists, and project documentation.
Category: 3.3 maps generators


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Category (main):

1. Introduction on the notion of mapping, visualisating / Roots of mapping and Artivism
  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Roots/artivism
  1.3 Call for papers

2. Mapping Empire, biopower, biopolitics / Mapping the movements: struggles and resistances

3. Mapping territories : topography, coordinates, territorial maps
  3.1 Psychogeography, territorial struggles / against speculation
  3.2 Borders
  3.3 maps generators
  3.4 GIS/GPS

4. Semantic maps : Social networks, Networks of conversation, Flow maps, Conceptual mapping, Tree maps
  4.1 Browsers
  4.2 Networks
  4.3 Social Networks
  4.4 Networks of conversations / Mailing lists
  4.5 Flow maps
  4.6 Tree maps
  4.7 Graphs
  4.8 Visualisation toolkits

5. Other

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