a.

Agrarian reforms:

"Can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land or can refer more broadly to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures. Agrarian reform can include credit measures, training, land consolidations, etc. Can be also related to agricultural or rural matters. Intended to further agricultural interests: agrarian lobbyists. Agrarian reform, redistribution of the agricultural resources of a country . Traditionally, agrarian, or land, reform is confined to the redistribution of land; in a broader sense it includes related changes in agricultural institutions, including credit, taxation, rents, and cooperatives." [source: wikipedia



Alternative forums:

Forum that is developed as an alternative to a mainstream meeting, could be of a supranational institution. The other Davos is an example of an alternative forum to the world economic forum of Davos per ex.



Animal rights:

This category includes all mobilizations against industrial or cultural oriented uses of animals (industrial food, pelletery, etc), medical experimentations on animals, trade and illegal hunting of exotic animals, or any other hunting traditions; including also toromaquia, corridas, sacrifices of animals for communities’ celebrations etc.



Anti-fascist:

Struggles against fascist theories, groups, events or information. The recrudescence of neo-Nazis, and right wing groups, have stimulated a counter-offensive from the left wings groups fighting traditionally against fascism under any of its forms.



Anti nuclear:

We range in this category all the mobilizations that tend to erase or control the atomic uses for energy and weapons.



Audiovisual projections in the street:

Means all cultural, social and political activities that develop projections of movies, documentaries, fictions and so on inside a public space, a square or a street. It is a methodology that reminds of popular education tactics.



Autonomous medias:

Meaning any collective action that puts in the center of its activity the development of medias that could help the group to communicate what they are doing, it could be wifi, street television, pirate radio, or collecting photography to be put in internet. By autonomous medias we understand medias that are appropriate by a group in a collective manner basing this appropriation in sharing and generating knowledge together.



Autonomous spaces surround a social forum:

All social forums are divided in the "official program" of the meeting, and also autonomous spaces surrounding the social forum where are developed other activities and meetings. The boundary between social forum and autonomous space are not really clearly established.




b.

Billboarding:

"Billboarding is one form of ecodefense in the form of monkeywrenching. It is the act of cutting down, burning, and/or defacing highway billboards. The American novelist Edward Abbey seems to have greatly advanced (if not out-right advocated) the art of billboarding starting around the year 1950 in and around the New Mexico city of Albuquerque. Given the size and weight of modern billboards, billboarders consider billboarding an art form as well as an ethical, moral, and justified act" [source: wikipedia]



Bikeride/ Naked bikeride:

It is a manifestation held for multiples reasons but that is developed riding bikes, the most actives in that kind of collective actions are critical mass. The naked bike ride is a version of the bikeride in which everybody is cycling naked.



Biometric control:

"Biometrics is the science and technology of authentication (i.e. establishing the identity of an individual) by measuring the subject person's physiological or behavioral features. The term is derived from the Greek words "bios"for life and "metron" for measure. In Information technology (IT), biometrics usually refers to technologies for measuring and analyzing human physiological characteristics such as fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns, and hand measurements, especially for authentication purposes" [source: wikipedia]

Biopiracy:

"Biopiracy refers to the appropriation of the knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions who seek exclusive monopoly control (patents or intellectual property) over these resources and knowledge. ETC group believes that intellectual property is predatory on the rights and knowledge of farming communities and indigenous peoples" [source: etcgroup]

Boycotts:

"A boycott is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong. It may sometimes be labeled as an "embargo" by its proponents. This wrong can be stated in any terms, and is not always one that is widespread. A boycott may be oriented towards shaming offenders rather than punishing them economically, depending on its duration and scope. When long-term and widespread, a boycott is just one of many tactics in moral purchasing" [source: wikipedia]


c.

Camera surveillance:

Consists in the large set of direct actions, happening and collective actions focused in denouncing the increasing number of private and public cameras that are recording our lives and habits, generally in the urban nodes. The resistance to the surveillance cameras is generally an activist tradition coming from north America and implemented in Europe. See Surveillance Camera Players site.

Campaigns towards public opinion:

Is an organized effort to make visible some problematic and influence the public opinion and the decision making process that regulates or decides upon the problematic. Per example, There has been for long time now a decentralized campaign to sensibly people about the uses of GMO.

Caravan:

A group of persons traveling from a place to another one, stopping in some places to communicate their messages and the reasons why they fight. One of the most famous intercontinental caravan was developed in 1998 against the WTO policies: "Activists from India and Europe are preparing for a month long tour of Europe. Around 500 Indian peasants feel that is high time that their problems in wealthy Europe are made known. Multinationals, and the liberalizing measures of the World Trade Organization WTO in particular, constitute a huge threat to their current income, way of life and natural surroundings. The Indian peasants want to protest against multinationals and 'free trade' institutions, and plan to do so (to name but two occasions) during the European summit and the G8 summit that are to take place in Cologne in June. The initiator of the caravan is the KRRS (Karnataka Raiya Ryota Sanghe), based in the South Indian federal state of Karnataka. The KRRS has an impressive history and reknows for its radical campaigns against multinationals. The globally active peasant organization Via Campesina and People's Global Action are both supporters of the caravan. The Indian peasants wanted to take part in the protest, held in Geneva in Mai 1998, in connection with the filthiest anniversary of the free trade organizations GATT and WTO. However it proved impossible for them to acquire visas in time, in May 1999, the 500 Indian peasants will finally arrive on European soil. They will form a caravan of twenty buses and tour eight countries in one month. Beside these from India, activists from other continents will also be joining the actions" [source: AGP]

Carnavilesque manifestation:

"Carnivalesque is the use of theatrics to face off with power via satire and parody, and invite spectators to a new reading of the spectacle of global capitalism. We see it all around us in the street theater, teach ins, and NikeTown blockades that poke fun and use critical satire and parody to say something important about global capitalism, and its impact upon both workers and consumers. The carnivalesque can be grotesque, violent or quite peaceful. Sorting out the message, in the midst of media dominated by spectacle advertising, infotainment, and purchased by transnational power, is the most important thing we can be teaching" [source: PeaceWare]

Censorship:

"Censorship is the use of governmental, private and commercial, power to control speech and other forms of human expression. It is most commonly applied to acts which occur in public circumstances, and generally involves a suppression of them by criminalizing their expression. What is censored may range from specific words to entire concepts, and the ostensible motive of censorship is to stabilize or improve the society over which the government has control" [source: wikipedia]

Chain oneself:

Tactic that consists in attaching one self alone, or with some persons, with chains, or any other resistant material, to be sure to remind a while in a place and to difficult the eviction from there.

Challenging the privatization of public space by advertisement:

Those mobilizations are generally really near to collective expressions and reapropiations of the public space invaded by advertisement. The reasons to attack publicity domains are really various but they share a common interest for symbolic and ideological domination expressed through publicity collective brainwash.

Challenging the privatization of public space by the car:

Those mobilizations are generally developed inside urban places that are highly contaminated by car pollution and where there are alternative possibility to the single private car. Those mobilizations can take the form of reclaim the streets party or be developed by massive users of alternative means to move like cycles, public transport and so on

Chainworkers, cognitariat:

Those categories are related to the right of the precarious but focuses more specifically on so called "brainworkers" that are developing activities related to the production of immaterial goods. We are thinking in programmers, designers, teachers, researchers and so on.

Chronology:

Chronology is extensively understood as the science of determining the order in which events occurred. Related to this first sense there is three majors manners to understand it: "A chronology, also called a timeline, is an arrangement of events into chronological order. It can be understood as a "temporal relation" in a sense of an arrangement of events in time, a "communication frame inside time"in a sense of a record of events in order of their occurrence, or a "cognition interaction" in which it tries to achieve a determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events." [source: hyperdic].

Civil Disobedience:

"Civil disobedience encompasses the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence" [source: wikipedia]

[Against trials for] Civil disobedience:

Actions to support trials and jails for activists that have developed civil disobedience activities.

Climbing a headquarter:

Tactic that consists in climbing and staying attached in high points, it can be used per example against the headquarter of a bank or an embassy to called for a public attention on the activities of the corporation or institution.

Closures of industries:

As a consequence of the delocalization and outsourcing phenomenas there has been also an increasing rate of mobilizations related to the closure of traditional industries. One of the first wages of those changes was experienced in UK with the minors and dockers mobilizations against the closing of the mines and industrial ports.

Collective action:

When a group of persons aims to activate social transformation and they develop together tactics and strategies to achieve some of their common objectives they are developing a collective action. This action is defined by the conjunction of a multiplicity of individual subjectivities that shape the possibilities and limits of the collective action.

"Mancur Olson made the highly controversial claim that individual rational choice leads to situations where individuals with more resources, will carry a higher burden in the provision of the public good than poorer ones. Poorer individuals will usually have little choice but to opt for the free rider strategy, i.e. they will attempt to benefit from the public good without contributing to its provision. This also encourages the under-production (inefficient production) of the public good. However, further theoretical analysis showed that this is not the case when individuals have widely-differing perceptions of the utility of the public good." [source: wikipedia]

Collective Identity:

"Collective identity is the name given to the tendency of many social movements to form a group self-image shaped by, but in turn shaping the consciousness of, individual participants. Social movement theorist Alberto Melluci emphasizes that such collective identities are not so much fixed as in process and offers this more specialized definition: "Collective identity is an interactive, shared definition produced by several individuals (or groups at a more complex level) ... that must be conceived as a process because it is constructed and negotiated by repeated activation of the relationships that link individuals (or groups) [to the movement]." [See Melluci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Johnston & Klandermans, eds., Social Movements and Culture]

Collective memory:

"Collective memory is a term coined by Maurice Halbwachs, separating the notion from the individual memory. The collective memory is shared, passed on and also constructed by the group, or modern society." [source: wikipedia]

"While the concept of memory is largely polysemous, or even metaphoric in its principle when it covers all forms of the presence of the past, collective memory is perhaps less equivocal in its definition. Collective memory can be defined as an interaction between the memory policies - also referred to as "historical memory" - and the recollections - "common memory", of what has been experienced in common. It lies at the point where individual meets collective, and psychic meets social. In other words, collective memories are built up in the work of homogenizing representations of the past and of reducing the diversity of recollections, possibly taking place in the "events of communication" between individuals and in handing down memories (Marc Bloch); in the “inter-individual relationships” that constitute the reality of social groups as "structured" entities (Roger Bastide), within "affective communities"; or "intermediate groups" between the individual and the Nation (Maurice Halbwachs); or else groups defined as "symbolic reality" founded in history (Anselm Strauss, Miroirs et masques)." [source: "For a sociology of collective memory", Marie-Claire Lavabre]

"Humans provide a natural model of pragmatic agents situated in a multi-agent world. [Cole & Engeström1993] argues that the development of distributed cooperative behavior in people is shaped by the accumulated cultural-historical knowledge of the community. Our learning techniques are motivated by this argument and use a structure called collective memory to store the breadth of knowledge the community acquires through interacting with each other and the world during the course of solving sequences of distinct problems. In this paper, we assume a distributed (rather than centralized) memory model wherein each agent maintains only a memory of her own interactions; jointly, these memories represent the collective memory of the community." [source: "Learning Cooperative Procedures ", Andrew Garland and Richard Alterman, Computer Science Department , Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254]

Communicating: Occupations of public space and mediaspace jamming

We recollect inside this category all tactics, methodologies, collective action that can be generated by the objective of communicating in an active, dynamic, collaborative manner.

Communication in between social movements:

Actions and activities that are planned to be executed neither in several places at the same time, neither in a same place as the result of a process of confluence between social movements. Those two versions requires developing networked exchanges and dynamics of cooperation between the local and the global dimensions, in a sense they could be names as "glocal" events.

Construction of new infrastructures [roads, highway, airports, railways, etc]:

Meaning any collective resistance to the construction of new infrastructures that implies social, cultural, ecological or economical damage for the community.

Corporate enterprises:

This category is focused towards the mobilizations oriented towards the denouncement of the activities driven by supra-national or governmental institutions, and also massive corporations, working or not, as multinational enterprises: ecocides, genocides, social workers rights erasing, and so on.

Counter - Summits:

Inside this category we have listed the international organizations that have been challenged by civil society and social movements those last years. By counter summit we mean an event that is organized as a mean, a tool, and a process that increases the process of confluence of social movements. In that sense, a counter summit always increases the networking exchanges between actors and groups involved in social and political transformation.

Criminal Justice Laws:

Mobilizations to denounce, challenge and oppose new laws that criminalizes the activities of the social movements and the activists, such as meetings, manifestations, public expression, etc.

Culture jamming:

"Culture jamming is the act of using existing mass media to comment on those very media themselves, using the original medium's communication method. It is based on the idea that advertising is little more than propaganda for established interests, and that there is little escape from this propaganda in industrialized nations. Culture jamming's intent differs from that of artistic appropriation (which is done for art's sake) and vandalism (where destruction or defacement is the primary goal), although its results are not always so easily distinguishable. The phrase "culture jamming" comes from the idea of radio jamming: that public frequencies can be pirated and subverted for independent communication, or to disrupt dominant frequencies. The Situationist International first made the comparison to radio jamming in 1968, when it proposed the use of guerrilla communication within mass media to sow confusion within the dominant culture. (Kalle Lasn, the founder of AdBusters magazine, wrote a book entitled Culture Jam, but the term predates his title.) Culture jamming is a form of activism and a resistance movement to the perceived hegemony of popular culture, based on the ideas of "guerrilla communication" and the "detournement" of popular icons and ideas. It has roots in the German concept of spass guerilla and in the Situationist International. Forms of culture jamming include adbusting, performance art, graffiti, and hacktivism (such as cybersquatting)." [source: wikipedia]

Cycles of Protest:

"This term is used to note the patterns of rising and falling action experienced by individual movements as well as the tendency of movements to generate other movements in waves of activity and inactivity (or latency). The concept is most closely identified with political scientist Sydney Tarrow, Struggle, Politics, Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest." [source: social movements and culture]


d.

Derive:

It is a methodology that bases itself in walking in group, accepting to get lost and exploring through the several spaces (acoustic, cultural, economical, poetic, visual, abandon etc) that composes the city. A good derive is one that plays with group disorientation and common sharing of the experiences and inputs generated by the derive. It is an act of resistance at the edge of speed and consumption. See also Derive

Delocalization - Outsourcing :

Those two words don't have the same meaning. The delocalization refers to the dynamics that pushes the rich countries to invest and develop every time more in immaterial goods and to delocalize the industries and fabrics in the third world countries where the prices of manufacturing are lower. The outsourcing means more specifically: "the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production to an external entity (such as a subcontractor) that specializes in that operation. Outsourcing is a business decision that is often made to focus on core competences. A subset of the term (off shoring) also implies transferring jobs to another country, either by hiring local subcontractors or building a facility in an area where labor is cheap. It became a popular buzzword in business and management in the 1990s" [source: wikipedia]

Die-in:

"Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degree of realism). Possible motivations include: * prevention of violent conflict, war * raising awareness of an existing conflict * expressing disapproval of technology which is perceived as deadly In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lay down on the ground and pretend being dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protestors, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or (usually "bloody") bandages are used. Die-ins were a popular form of protest around the world against the 2003 invasion of Iraq" [source: wikipedia]

Domestic violence:

"Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating" [source: DomesticViolence]

"Double peine":

The "double peine" is a specificity of the legal French system, it means that an illegal migrant that gets into trouble with the law, can get to be condemn and after staying in prison could be get expulsed outside the country.

Drop the debt:

Meaning all mobilizations oriented to cancel the debt of poor countries, in words of the jubilee debt campaign: "Poor countries were lent money in the 1960s and 1970s. Some was for useful purposes, but much went to projects that did not benefit the country’s people or that helped to prop up dictators. As interest rates shot up in the 1970s and 1980s, many countries ended up still owing more than the original loan, even after years of repayments. To make matters worse, lenders have attached damaging conditions to debt relief, for instance demanding privatizations which benefit big corporations in the rich world, or forcing cuts in public spending, meaning that some countries are prevented from employing teachers or buying basic medicines. People in the poor world are suffering both from repaying the debts and from these conditions." [source: jubilee debt campaign]



e.

Education access:

The right to a free, public and laic education for everyone has been a major demand in the history of social movements. Nowadays a lot of people still don't have access to those conditions of personal and collective development through education and knowledge building.

Equal gender representation in politics - Parity:

Means the mobilizations organized towards the institutionalization of laws that stimulate the access for women to political spheres of decision and action. The parity is a question that is assessed differently in each country. In a way, it is similar to positive discrimination oriented to women.

Euromanif:

This is a manifestation organized by several groups and trade unions localized in several European countries, they generally organized the manifestation the same day, the last one was organized the 19th of march 2005.

European fiscal paradises:

Mobilizations driven to denounce the fiscal evasion of money and the existence of fiscal island that admits "controversial"uses and hiding of the money.

European march:

"In spring 1997, unemployed began to march from Finland, Morocco and all the EU countries, and joined together in a demonstration gathering people in Amsterdam during the EU summit. At every stage of their journey, they spoke at meetings about their living conditions - what it meant to be without work, housing or even without any income- and they made a call to converge in their struggle to demand the abolition of unemployment, insecure work and misery. That is how the Euromarches were born. They consist of a network of organizations and trade unions, fighting in different EU countries. Within this network, these organizations regularly exchange information, experiences and reflections, defining what they have in common; they elaborate common claims at the EU level and organize together some actions at this level. Since Amsterdam in 1997, unemployed, insecure workers, people victims of exclusion have made their demands heard through demonstrations, marches and assemblies." [source: Euromarches]

European networks actions:

Cycle of collective actions that have been generated through exchanges and cooperation between groups that are part of the same network.

Europe fortress:

Any mobilization caused by the existence of frontiers and the subsequent injustices that those frontiers provokes could bee ranged inside this category. The development of camps, hacklabs, and other nomadic TAZ in/out the moving frontiers of Europe represents types of mobilizations against the idea of a closed, unfair and alone Europe.

EU summit :

"European Summit or EU summit is an informal designation of important meetings of EU politicians. The term is mainly used for the at least bi- or triennial main conferences of the European Council - the heads of state or government of the European Union and of the EU Commission's President. By using this term the media prevent confusion with the Council of the European Union ("Council", or "Council of Ministers") "[source: wikipedia]

Eviction or Occupation of squatted social centers:

The squatting tradition changes in each country, nevertheless the challenges the squatting faces are similar and are submitted to life cycle of the squatted place. A new occupation generally can be done in a quiet form, without making noise, or it can be driven by a group of persons that through occupying an abandon space make visible the speculation and lodging problematic. In the same order of ideas, a squatted place needs for a networked solidarity to face the threat of eviction.



f.

Fiscal disobedience:

Consists in an individual or collective act of rebellion through refusing of paying certain taxes because they are felt as abusive, unfair or because they raise money to organizations and institutions that one's consider as dangerous.

Flag desecration:

"Flag desecration is a blanket term applied to various ways of intentionally defacing or dishonoring a flag, most often a national flag (though other flags are defaced as well). Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of defacement (such as burning) or forbidding particular uses considered improper (such as use for commercial purposes). Often such laws only apply to the country's own flag." [source: wikipedia]

Flash mobs:

"It’s a sudden gathering of people into a crowd that do something unusual for a few minutes in unison and then disperse. Who runs Flash Mobs?
Flash mobs are run by individual people for the fun of it. There are no organizations behind real Flash Mobs, though there have been a couple of gatherings using Flash Mob principles organized by commercial interests" [source: Flashmob]

Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS):

"The phrase Free/Libre/Open-Source Software, or FLOSS, (see also the similarly derived FOSS) is an inclusive term designed to be neutral when referring to both free software and open source software. Often both free software and open software can refer to the same program or source code, but each term represents a differing emphasis on the importance of freedom (free software) or technical progress (open source software)."
"Free software: The term free software preceded the term open source software. Software and code was often freely traded among hackers but in the 1980s owners starting asserting copyright over their code effectively closing off this free exchange. The advent of the free software movement and the term free software was created by Richard Stallman in response to the closing off of this exchange."
"Open source software: Some members of the free software community were unhappy with the name "free software". One problem was that the term 'free' in the English language is ambiguous and can mean 'gratis' or also 'freedom'. Second, the talking of freedom associated the software with idealism. Some felt that highlighting the technical superiority of the software's development model would accelerate adoption" [source: wikipedia]

Free parties- Raves:

"A rave party, more often called a rave and sometimes called a free party, is typically an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. The slang expression rave was originally used by people of Caribbean descent in London during the 1960s to describe a party. In the late 1980s, the term began to be used to describe the subculture that grew out of the acid house movement that began in Detroit and flourished in the United Kingdom club scene" [source: wikipedia]

Food sovereignty:

“Means the people, Countries’ or State Unions’ RIGHT to define their agricultural and food policy, without any dumping vis-à-vis third countries. Food sovereignty includes : prioritizing local agricultural production in order to feed the people, access of peasants and landless people to land, water, seeds, and credit. Hence the need for land reforms, for fighting against GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), for free access to seeds, and for safeguarding water as a public good to be shared and distributed in sustainable ways. the right of farmers, peasants to produce food and the right of consumers to be able to decide what they consume, and how and by whom it is produced. the right of Countries to protect themselves from too low priced agricultural and food imports. Agricultural prices linked to production costs : they can be achieved if the Countries or Unions of States are entitled to impose taxes on excessively cheap imports, if they commit themselves in favor of a sustainable farm production, and if they control production on the inner market so as to avoid structural surpluses. the populations taking part in the agricultural policy choices. the recognition of women farmers’ rights, who play a major role in agricultural production and in food." [source: Via Campesina]




g.

G7 and G8 :

"The Group of Eight (G8) consists of eight of the world's leading industrialized, democratic nations (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Russia). The hallmark of the G8 is an annual economic and political summit meeting of the heads of government with international officials, though there are numerous subsidiary meetings and policy research" [source: wikipedia]

Gardening:

Means to bring plants, put seeds and develop little gardens in the urban spaces such as central spaces, abandon spaces, on the roofs of the houses and so on.

Gay, lesbians and transexual rights:

"The gay rights movement comprises a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and related causes. Although it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also promote the rights of groups of individuals who do not necessarily identify as being" [source: wikipedia]

Global Day of Action:

"They are political space for coordinating decentralized collective actions to highlight the global resistance of popular movements to capitalist globalization. The first Global Action Days, during the 2nd WTO ministerial conference in Geneva in May 1998, involved tens of thousands of people in more than 60 demonstrations and street parties on five continents. Subsequent Global Action Days have included the 'carnival against capital' (June 18, 1999), the 3rd WTO summit in Seattle (November 30, 1999), the IMF/World Bank meeting in Prague (September 26, 2000), the G8 meeting in Genoa (June 21, 2000) the 4th WTO summit in Qatar (November 9, 2001), etc." [source: wikipedia]

GMOs:

"Genetically modified organism does not necessarily imply transgenic substitution of genes from another species, although research is actively being conducted in this field." [source: wikipedia]. This scientific engineering is being applied in a lot of fields. As there hasn't been large temporal studies on the effects of those GMO, a lot of struggles are being developed to establish or reinforce moratoriums on those organisms.

Government's austerity program:

Mobilizations oriented against government’s measures to control macroeconomic effects, like inflation. Those measures have generally micro social effects on the consumption rates, life's quality, social security rights and the possibilities to work.

Graffitis:

"Graffiti is a type of deliberately inscribed marking made by humans on surfaces, both private and public. It can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's consent it constitutes illegal vandalism. Graffiti has existed at least since the days of ancient civilizations such as classical Greece and the Roman Empire. The word "graffiti" expresses the plural of "graffito", although the singular form has become obscure and has largely fallen into disuse. Both of these English words come from the Italian language, most likely descending from "graffiato", the past participle of "graffiare"(to scratch); ancient graffitists scratched their work into walls before the advent of spray-paint. These words derive in their turn from the Greek (graphein), meaning "to write". Historians continue to speculate over the vexed question as to where the term "graffiti" first referred to this form of marking." [source: wikipedia]

Grass Roots social movements:

"The basic level of society or of an organization especially as viewed from higher or more centralized positions of power. Grass roots movements usually spring from individuals without political aspiration, but who are so concerned about a particular issue that they feel compelled to organize like-minded people. As such they are generally the purest purposes found in politics. The success of grass roots movements has led to the creation of its antithesis: “astroturf. Astroturf is the creation of the modern public relations industry. It is typically used by corporations to create the appearance of legitimacy for an unpopular position, and thereby stifle opposition or prevent corrective change." [Source: Killian Glossary]

"Some foundations and political organizations prefer to deal with groups that represent the great mass of rank-and-file citizens, rather than the wealthy and powerful and their elite coterie. When social reformers hustle for “grassroots support,” they are using the term in more or less the same sense for which it was coined more than a hundred years ago. The expression was just starting to appear here and there by 1912, when McClure’s Magazine famously described Teddy Roosevelt’s third-party attempt at a presidential comeback as “a campaign from the grass roots up.” Today, even beyond politics, when modern writers refer to scrappy little organizations with lean budgets, or to passionate leaders who have no fancy credentials or positions of power, they are using GRASSROOTS in much the same way as McClure’s did. (The single, unhyphenated word was rare until the Great Depression; it’s now standard.) GRASSROOTS is a verbal fanfare for the common man, and it hewed close to that humble meaning through most of its history." [source: Emcf ]

Guerrilla communication :

"Guerrilla communication doesn't focus on arguments and facts like most leaflets, brochures, slogans or banners. In its own way, it inhabits a militant political position, it is direct action in the space of social communication. But different from other militant positions (stone meets shop window), it doesn't aim to destroy the codes and signs of power and control, but to distort and disfigure their meanings as a means of counteracting the omnipotent prattling of power. Communication guerrillas do not intend to occupy, interrupt or destroy the dominant channels of communication, but to detourn and subvert the messages transported." [source: Luther Blissett & Sonja Brünzels]

"The terms guerrilla communication and communication guerrilla refer to unconventional forms of communication and/or intervention in more conventional processes of communication. Communication guerilla is a specific style of political action drawing from a watchful view of the paradoxes and absurdities of power, turning these into the starting point for political interventions by playing with representations and identities, with alienation and over-identification. One form of guerrilla communication is the creation of ritual via participative public spectacle to disrupt or protest some public event or to shift the perspectives of passers-by. Such spectacles often take the form of street and guerrilla theater, such as the theater of Augusto Boal. Another way to create such spectacle is via tactical frivolity. Pie-throwing as performance art is a classic form of guerrilla communication. The event is a moment turned inside-out; art is made from the reactions of the bystanders, turning spectacle to ritual. Other forms of guerrilla communication include adbusting, graffiti, hacktivism (notably cyber squatting), and reclaiming." [source: wikipedia]




h.

Hacklab:

"A Hacklab is a place where we try to combine the hacker attitude, that is to say the act of understanding the functioning of complex machines in order to deconstruct them and reconstruct them in a non conventional manner, with the ambition of analyzing the real. A place of relations where people, brought by a marked interest in the new forms of electronic communication, by the digital and the telemetric, can meet to construct a different way of understanding things and intervene in the processes that determine reality. A Hacklab is in some way a meeting place for the various entities and determinations of digital antagonism." [source: Interartivist Info exchange : Interview with blicero about the experience of the LOA Hacklab in Milan]. Generally a hacklab is driven by Do It Yourself logics and it is developed in autonomous, non institutional, spaces not submit to private or commercial logics.

Happenings:

"A happening is a performance, event or situation meant to be considered as art. Happenings lack a narrative, are often multi-disciplinary, and frequently seek to involve the audience in the performance in some way. Elements of them may be planned while retaining room for improvisation. They can take place anywhere" [source: wikipedia]

[Remembering a] Hit: Celebrations, parties, birthdays of past events that have been successful for the objectives of the social movement or the activist group involved in the organization of the celebration.

Hunger strike:

"A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants stop eating (and sometimes drinking also) as an act of political protest or to achieve a goal such as a policy change" [source: wikipedia]

i.

Illegal manifestation:

Meaning it doesn't count on the permission of the local institutions to be realized.

IMF :

"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked" [source: wikipedia]

Independent cultural particularities recognition:

Those mobilization are generally near the independentist groups demands, they generally focuses on getting the recognition of degrees of autonomy in the management of the public services and institutions, or to get an independent new state status.

Indigenous rights:

Defense and reinforcement of the indigenous people to leave as they want to in their own land. This first demand is generally accompanied by the demand to get back the propriety of their lands and tools fro working and leaving, like per example the right to cultivate their own seeds, or to study on their language.

International days:

Generally worldwide official day to make visible some ongoing injustices or world problematic that have been inscribed by some countries to their official policy agenda, such as the day of the women (8th march), the earth day (22nd April) or the day of the fight against the AIDS (1st December).

IPR:

"We share information all the time, reflecting the social nature of information. The easier to reproduce it, the more we tend to share it. But if information is freely shared, who would buy it at a high price? If one can get it for free, why pay for it? Because the free sharing of information goods undermines their potentially high prices, commercial information producers want to prohibit the free exchange of information. Then, they can create an artificial scarcity, which enables them to keep prices -- and profit margins -- high. This is the whole concept behind intellectual property rights (IPR) such as copyrights and patents. IPRs prohibit the public from freely sharing information; they give the information producer the exclusive right to use, make copies or sell the product. IPRs are, in effect, information monopolies. Today, they are the principal form of information ownership. The information economies of today are monopolistic information
economies. Information monopolies make high profit margins possible in the information sector." [source: Roberto Verzola, Lords of Cyberspace: Intellectual Property Rights and the Information Economy]

j.

[Against] Jails:

Actions to denounce the existence of jail considering that they are an institutional tool of repression that doesn't accomplish its initial mission that is to reinsert and reeducate the "deviant". In that sense, this kind of mobilization generally denies any utility to prisons.

[Against] Jail conditions :

Not in the same line that actions against jails, there is some collective actions that are meant to "reform" existing jails, and not to erase them. The objectives are to make possible that jails accomplish their educational mission in good sanitary, mental, ethics, and conditions.

[Against] Jail or trial against activists:

Actions to show solidarity and support to colleagues that are in jail or treat of possible jail through trials.

k.

Kyoto ratification:

"The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia. The formal name of the agreement, which reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC, is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March 15, 1999. The agreement came into force on February 16, 2005 following ratification by Russia on November 18, 2004. Some current estimates indicate that if successfully and completely implemented, the Kyoto Protocol is predicted to reduce the average global rise in temperature by somewhere between 0.02°C and 0.28°C by the year 2050 (source: Nature, October 2003), compared to the increase of 1.4°C to 5.8°C between 1990 and 2100 predicted by the IPCC [2]. Because of this many critics and environmentalists question the value of the Kyoto Protocol should required modifications fail to produce deeper cuts in the future." [source: wikipedia]

l.

Languages protection :

Those demands are generally linked to independent cultural particularity’s recognition, o to be able to stimulate, recognize and protect the own local language.

Legal Manifestation:

Meaning it has received the permission from the local institutions to be developed.

Lesbians, gay and transexual rights:

"The gay rights movement comprises a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and related causes. Although it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also promote the rights of groups of individuals who do not necessarily identify as being." [source: wikipedia]

Liberation:

Meaning a collective or individual action to liberate prisoners, migrants in closed centers of expulsion, animals from laboratories, etc.

Life patents - Reclaim the commons :

A patent that is applied to a living organism such as a plant, an animal, a cell, a gene and so on is a life patent. In words of The Genetic Engineering Monitoring Project : "Until now, patents have primarily been granted for mechanical "inventions"-- not living things. But with the advent of new genetic engineering techniques (particularly that of transferring genes between totally unrelated species of plants, animals and micro-organisms), patents have been applied for and, in some cases, awarded not only on the processes to isolate and characterize genes but also on the genes themselves. As a group of British scientists recently pointed out, "if this principle had been applied in chemistry, the elements would have been patented". The patents on living organisms granted under existing patent law in Europe have generated much controversy and have been subject to protracted legal challenges. Hence, the biotechnology and related industries are now pushing for the patenting system explicitly to encompass living material; the proposed Directive effectively defines a gene not as a "discovery"(which cannot be patented) but as an "invention"(which can). The United States already allows such patents. If industry gets its way, the genes associated with disorders such as cystic fibrosis and diabetes could become the property of a multinational drug company. In addition, members of the public who undergo genetic screening to see whether they are affected or not would have to pay a royalty to the company which owns the patent on the genes" [source: the cornerhouse]

Living Memory:

Concept Related to a complex web of abstractions and representations, and a set of communicational objects, that are both related to an action or an event, and express it allowing its communication and diffusion abroad. The living memories is carried first by people alive participating in the development of something and afterwards get transform in information and communication objects through networked exchanges.

Lobbying:

"Lobbying is the practice of private advocacy with the goal of influencing a governing body, in order to ensure that an individual's or organization's point of view is represented in the government. A lobbyist is a person who is paid to influence legislation." [source: wikipedia]

Local march:

A march that is developed inside a space that result to be a daily experience for the people participating of the march. It is generally marches focused towards territorial problematic and local questions.

m.

Mayday:

This is a world mobilization that have spread since 2000 and which objective was to recuperate the first of May, traditionally the day of the workers. The idea was to update this international day and make it more autonomous of the big trade union dynamics. Mayday in this acceptance is a symbolic battle between the new conditions of work and the ancient ways of trade unions to control the spaces of resistance against those conditions. Mayday in this sense is a symbolic and autonomous space and network to deal with the contemporary evolutions of the work.

Mayday manifestation:

Manifestation that is realized the 1st of may, as the visible public moment of a larger European process called mayday that focuses on creating a networked resistance against the increasing flexibility and precariousness of everyday life.
See EUROMAYDAY CALL: "Precariety is the most widespread condition of labor and life in Europe today. It affects everyone, everyday, in every part of life: whether chosen or imposed, precariety is a generalized condition experienced by the majority of people. Precarious people are now the corner-stone of the wealth production process. Notwithstanding this, we are invisible and count for nothing in the traditional forms of social and political representation or in the European agenda. As precarious of Europe -- flex, temp and contortionist workers, migrants, students, researchers, unmotivated wage slaves, pissed off and happy part-timers, insecure temps, willingly or unwillingly unemployed -- we are acting so as to grasp the moment/our time and struggle for new collective rights and our individual and collective possibility to choose our future. This is why we are building a public space on a European level to catalyze new forms of social cooperation, and maximize the sharing of skills, experiences and resources: to construct and bring to life a new social imagination. We call on everyone in Helsinki, Barcelona, Hamburg, Liege, Ljubljana, Seville, Milan, Copenhagen, Maribor, Paris, Amsterdam, L'Aquila, Marseille, Wien, London, Stockholm, Napoli and Palermo to participate in the Euromayday process. On April 2nd, join us in the second international day of action against deportation camps and for the freedom of movement and right to stay. On May 1st, come to the Euromayday Parades and did take part in the actions on the streets of Europe. We are acting to become the protagonists of our own lives. Precarious of the world let's conspire and strike for a free, open, radical Europe!" [Source: euromayday]

Media lab:

"Generally stands to spaces where people comes to present or discover the possibilities, uses, evolution and transformation of ICT and other technical tools such as software, hardware, electronic tools etc. The media labs are generally less do it yourself than the hacklabs and they usually do count on sponsors, scholarship or other institutional or private kind of supports."

Military infrastructure:

Any action directly oriented against the military industry and the research and development driven by military interests.

Military service:

Mobilizations to erase compulsory military service, and to help deserters or conscious objectors to oppose this obligation.

Minorities rights:

Rights of the minorities to be taken in account and to express themselves from their cultural perspective

Moving: Marches, manifestations:

A mix of group more or less huge that uses public space to make visible the reasons for which they resist and fight through the collective action of walking together in the street, generally from one point to another one. The manifestation and marches can be legal or illegal depending of the fact that it has been asked or not (given or deny) the permission to make the manifestation.

n.

NATO:

"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organization for defense collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1949. Its other official name is the French equivalent, l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique du Nord (OTAN). The core provision of the treaty is Article V, which states: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area." [source: wikipedia]

Netstrikes:

"On February 15 2003, world day for peace, when in all the world tens of millions of people took to the streets against preventative war, in the United States access to dozens of government websites was simultaneously blocked by thousands of users. This new form of civil protest has been named Netstrike, a telematic protest march. It is carried out by many persons who connect during the same period of time to a determined site that represents those against whom these persons wish to protest. In this way it is possible to block a site for a short period of time, without damaging it. When the protest action ends, everything returns to as it was before. To carry out a Netstrike, it is necessary to identify correct political motivations, launch a call over the net for a certain period of time, giving everyone an appointment for a particular time on a particular day for a particular site. The target site of the protest is rarely blocked completely, but in general the objective is considered to have been reached in any case thanks to the attention that is produced through the vibrations that are carried throughout the net. It is a question of a practice that is spreading well beyond its original promoters: conceptually it can be compared with a normal march that would take place on the city streets, moved to the net. A netstrike was launched on 20 July, 2001 immediately after the murder of Carlo Giuliani against the official G8 website, and was an enormous success. A few days later, the site that had launched the initiative was seized and at this moment investigations are underway for the crime of interruption of information services, notwithstanding that it is somewhat doubtful whether conducting this legitimate form of protest could be considered a crime" [Source: Repression of the social movements by Gilberto Pagani, lawyer in Milan]

Netparade:

Consists in the simulation of a parade inside a space in Internet, through some programation and design works every person builds its virtual character and its joins the multitude of other persons in the netparade [see: molleindustria]

Network International meetings :

Meaning all periodical meetings between groups and actors forming a local, national, international network so they can face to face develop actions, ideas, share knowledge and experiences.

New labor laws:

Mobilizations strictly focused to denounce, oppose or participate inside the development of new laws to regulate the work: time of work, social rights, etc. We could per example list here all the struggles that have been developed about the "35 hours" full time job in France.

New Social movement:

"The New Social Movement Theory was developed initially in Europe to help explain a host of new movements that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that did not seem to fit a model of Marxian class conflict that had been the predominant model in much European social movement theory. The newness of the putatively new social movements is said to consist of such things as a greater emphasis on group or collective identity, values and lifestyles rather than or in addition to developed ideologies, and a tendency to emerge more from middle than working class constituencies. The Green Party in Germany with its emphasis on environmental and peace issues, feminism, and alternative non-consumerist lifestyles is often portrayed as the umbrella group representing a synthesis of new social movements aimed at a broad, general social liberation. Some new social movement theorists emphasize a change in the economic structure of the First World from an industrial , heavy manufacturing based "Fordist"(after Henry Ford's assembly line) to a "post-industrial,""postmodern" or "post-Fordist" economy centered more around the service sector (i.e. fast food restaurants) and computer-based information industries as a structural force shaping the new movements. [See Mayer & Roth, "New Social Movements and the Transformation into a Post-Fordist Society", in Darnovsky et al. eds. Cultural Politics and Social Movements"]

No border camps:

This is a specific manner to get involved in a collective action against frontiers and the illegalization of the migrants. Their detention in camps before being throw back to their countries has been a major challenge for the social movements and for the groups involved with immigration issues. In words of the noboder network: "The no border network is a tool for all groups and grass root organizations who work on the questions of migrants and asylum seekers in order to struggle alongside with them for freedom of movement, for the freedom for all to stay in the place which they have chosen, against repression and the many controls which multiply the borders everywhere in all countries. This network is different from lobbying groups and NGOs because it is based on groups of grass root activists and intends to stay so." [Source: NoBorder]

Non violent action:

"There are various forms of nonviolent action, including "direct action". This is frequently seen as the most pure and sexy form of action. Other, less physical, forms of nonviolent action can be just as important, of which one is Peace education. Many forms of direct action are very "anti", very confrontational. Protesting or demonstrating against something. Gandhi stressed the importance, alongside demonstrations, of having a constructive program. We must aim to "construct peace". We all agree that we want to change from militarism, hate and violence, but how do we achieve what the UN refers to a "culture of peace." [source: the broken rifle]

o.

Occupations:

"Can mean the temporary forceful occupation of a (typically governmental) symbolic building, as a sign of protest, or, the act of settling into of a building (see ownership, or, the act of settling onto an uninhabited tract of land" [source: wikipedia]

[Ephemerons] Occupations of private and/or institutional spaces :

Used as a strategy to force the actors or institutions present in this occupied space to give some attention, interest, dialogue or interaction to the reasons that pushes those persons to occupy (frequent action in embassies, corporate congress etc.)

Occupation or Eviction of squatted social centers:

The squatting tradition changes in each country, nevertheless the challenges the squatting faces are similar and are submitted to life cycle of the squatted place. A new occupation generally can be done in a quiet form, without making noise, or it can be driven by a group of persons that through occupying an abandon space make visible the speculation and lodging problematic. In the same order of ideas, a squatted place needs for a networked solidarity to face the threat of eviction.

Outsourcing- Delocalization : Those two words don't have the same meaning. The delocalization refers to the dynamics that pushes the rich countries to invest and develop every time more in immaterial goods and to delocalize the industries and fabrics in the third world countries where the prices of manufacturing are lower. The outsourcing means more specifically: "the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production to an external entity (such as a subcontractor) that specializes in that operation. Outsourcing is a business decision that is often made to focus on core competences. A subset of the term (off shoring) also implies transferring jobs to another country, either by hiring local subcontractors or building a facility in an area where labor is cheap. It became a popular buzzword in business and management in the 1990s" [source: wikipedia]

p.

Papers for everybody:

Inside this category we will range all the mobilizations related to the regularization of "illegal "immigrants. But we do take in account the fights that are based on the total opposition to migratory policies, advocating papers for everybody and the possibility to access to a universal citizenship status.

Parade:

"A parade is an organized procession of people along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by floats or sometimes large lighter-than-air balloons with complex shapes. Parades are held for a wide range of reasons, but are usually celebrations of some kind. Protest demonstrations also sometimes take the form of a parade, but in such cases are usually referred to as a march instead" [source: wikipedia]

Parade demonstration:

Inside a manifestation, the role of a demonstration is to make visible in a parodist, metaphorical sense, some situations that are denounced, per e.g.: people make a parody of bombs falling and people with blood on them fall down, or to parody the neoliberalist conditions of trade, a group will simulate the relations between a master and its slaves, etc. Outside a manifestation, a demonstration could be an attempt to visibility a space where unfairness is developed, per ex. against the immigrants’ border camps to make free people closed inside, or against the militarists’ torturers of the Argentina's dictators to spread the personal directions of those persons and demonstrate in front of their house, called a scrache in Argentina.

Parity - Equal gender representation in politics :

Means the mobilizations organized towards the institutionalization of laws that stimulate the access for women to political spheres of decision and action. The parity is a question that is assessed differently in each country. In a way, it is similar to positive discrimination oriented to women.

Parties in public spaces- Street Party:

"The street is an extremely important symbol because your whole enculturation experience is geared around keeping you out of the street. The idea is to keep everyone indoors. So, when you come to challenge the powers that be, inevitably you find yourself on the curbstone of indifference, wondering "should I play it safe and stay on the sidewalks, or should I go into the street?"And it is the ones who are taking the most risks that will ultimately effect the change in society" [Source: Reclaim the streets party]

Patents on software:

"A patent intended to prevent others from using some programming technique. There have been several infamous patents for software techniques which most experienced programmers would consider fundamental or trivial, such as the idea of using exclusive-or to plot a cursor on a bitmap display. The spread of software patents could stifle innovation and make programming much harder because programmers would have to worry about patents when designing or choosing algorithms" [source: Foldoc]

"Software patents would give large corporations a strategic advantage over small and medium-sized ones, and a potentially destructive weapon against open source. Those effects are explained in greater detail on other pages of this website. Less competition in the marketplace results in higher prices, which is why you would literally "get the bill" for software patents by having to pay more for software as well as for products that contain software, such as mobile telephones. Of course, that sentence was also meant figuratively, in the sense that there are various other negative effects of software patents that all of us would experience" [source: No Software patents!]

Patriarchalism:

"In gender politics many use the word patriarchy refers to any form of social power given disproportionately to men. Many construe this to mean a gender hierarchy in which men dominate or exploit women, but that doesn't need to be the case. This is somewhat inaccurate as it confuses the noun patriarchy with the adjective patriarchal. Many feminist writers have considered patriarchy to be the basis on which most modern societies have been formed. They argue that it is necessary and desirable to get away from this model in order to achieve gender equality." [source: wikipedia]

Peace camp:

“The first peace camp was the women only peace camp at Greenham Common, England set up in 1982 as a form of nonviolent protest, calling for nuclear disarmament. Other mixed peace camps sprang up in Upper Heyford, Daws hill in High Wycombe, Molesworth common, Lakenheath, Naphill and Faslane, where the camp remains. There is also currently a women's peace camp at Aldermaston for one weekend a month. A peace camp was set up at Fairford on 17th February 2003. In the 1980s people came to live outside these bases in order to witness and protest against the presence of the nuclear weapons then directed against the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the United States Air Force had land-based cruise missiles at several of these locations; they have since been removed back to the USA, though there remains a US military presence in the UK, and the UK continues to possess and develop nuclear weapons. Due to these factors the concept of the peace camp remains alive today; because of Faslane Peace camp there has continuously been at least one peace camp outside a military base in the UK for more than 22 years. A bunker was constructed for Strike Command on National Trust land (Bradenham Village) near High Wycombe, England. Naphill Peace camp was set up to witness and oppose this construction. The Angry Pacifist magazine was produced out of Naphill Peace camp. On May 13, 2005 protestors set up a peace camp on Drake's Island, just off Plymouth. The Israeli peace camp uses the word camp in a different context, and has no connection." [source: wikipedia]

Petition, collecting firms:

"A petition is a request to an authority, most commonly a government official or public entity. In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to some official and signed by numerous individuals. A petition may be oral rather than written, and in this era may be transmitted via the Internet" [source: wikipedia]. The recollecting of firms is always used to support singles persons, groups or causes that needs to built huge support so they can move to a new situation. It is also a mean to make pressure on the institutions or corporations that are causing the problems that are facing the groups or projects that needs for firms supports.

Picketing:

"Picketing is a form of non-violent resistance in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place and attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"). It has two main aims: to harm the business or activity by losing it custom or workers, and to propagandize for the issue at stake. Picketing is a common tactic used by trade unions during strikes, who will try to prevent dissident members of the union, members of other unions and unionized workers from working. Those who cross the picket line and work despite the strike are known as scabs. A mass picket is an attempt to bring as many people as possible to a picket line, in order to demonstrate support for the cause. It is a particularly useful tactic when only one workplace is being picketed, or for a symbolically or practically important workplace. Due to the numbers involved, a mass picket may turn in to a blockade. Picketing is also used by pressure groups across the political spectrum. While picketing is often legal in certain countries due to freedom of assembly laws, most countries have severe restrictions on its use. Also attributed to the firm stands of the union line during Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg during the American civil war." [source: wikipedia]

Pirate radios:

"The term pirate radio lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcome by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received, especially when the country of transmission is the same as the country of reception. When the area of transmission is not a country, or when it is a country and the transmissions are not illegal, those same broadcast signals may be deemed illegal in the country of reception. Therefore "pirate radio"can mean many things to many people. Pirate radio stations are sometimes called bootleg stations." [source: wikipedia]. We have also to remark that there is a difference between an "illegal radio" that is broadcasting without permission but that indicates to the authorities from where it is broadcasting, and a pirate radio that broadcasts illegally and hides also its localization.

Privatizations public enterprises:

"Privatization (sometimes privatization, denationalization, or, especially in India, disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership and/or transferring the management of a service or activity from the government to the private sector. The opposite process is nationalization or municipalization" [source: wikipedia]

[Challenging the] Privatization of public space by advertisement:

Those mobilizations are generally really near to collective expressions and reappropiations of the public space invaded by advertisement. The reasons to attack publicity domains are really various but they share a common interest for symbolic and ideological domination expressed through publicity collective brainwash.

[Challenging the] Privatization of public space by the car:

Those mobilizations are generally developed inside urban places that are highly contaminated by car pollution and where there are alternative possibility to the single private car. Those mobilizations can take the form of reclaim the streets party or be developed by massive users of alternative means to move like cycles, public transport and so on.

Prostitution legal status :

The professional status of prostitution oscillate from legality to illegality. Actually, there are numerous mobilizations related to this topic that consider the right from the sexual workers to define and regulate their rights and duties as workers.

Protection natural areas:

Means the social and political attempts to create or reinforce the protection of natural and ecosystems places such as national and regional parks, the interdiction to built in those natural areas or to use them as waste places, etc.

Protest song:

"A protest song is a song intended to protest perceived problems in society: injustice, racial discrimination, war, globalization, inflation, social inequalities and so on. Protest songs are generally associated with folk music, but in recent times they have come from all genres of music, including punk rock and hip hop. Such songs become popular during times of social disruption and among social groups and their supporters" [source: wikipedia + see list of protests songs]

Popular revolt:

Consists in a massive rebellion and upraising against forces of domination and actors and institutions that are causing the problematic from which people are suffering: hunger, fascism, war, etc.




q.

Queer rights:

"Queer has traditionally meant 'strange' or 'unusual', but is now most often used in reference to lesbians, gay men, bisexual women and men, and other sexual minorities. Its usage is controversial and underwent substantial changes over the course of the 20th century. It is considered by some to be offensive and derisive, and by others merely an inoffensive adjective or noun for people whose sexual orientation and/or gender identity or gender expression does not conform to societal norms" [source: wikipedia]

r.

Racism:

Struggles against anti-Semitism, xenophobic and racist attitudes is one of the major axes of the social transformation. We do class under this category all the mobilizations based on working on tolerance and acceptance of the other as equal human being.

Railway trains bloquade:

It is an action that tries to bloquade a train, it is generally used by environmental and anti military activists.

Raves- free parties:

"A rave party, more often called a rave and sometimes called a free party, is typically an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. The slang expression rave was originally used by people of Caribbean descent in London during the 1960s to describe a party. In the late 1980s, the term began to be used to describe the subculture that grew out of the acid house movement that began in Detroit and flourished in the United Kingdom club scene" [source: wikipedia]

Reclaim the commons - Against life patents :

A patent that is applied to a living organism such as a plant, an animal, a cell, a gene and so on is a life patent. In words of The Genetic Engineering Monitoring Project : "Until now, patents have primarily been granted for mechanical "inventions"-- not living things. But with the advent of new genetic engineering techniques (particularly that of transferring genes between totally unrelated species of plants, animals and micro-organisms), patents have been applied for and, in some cases, awarded not only on the processes to isolate and characterize genes but also on the genes themselves. As a group of British scientists recently pointed out, "if this principle had been applied in chemistry, the elements would have been patented". The patents on living organisms granted under existing patent law in Europe have generated much controversy and have been subject to protracted legal challenges. Hence, the biotechnology and related industries are now pushing for the patenting system explicitly to encompass living material; the proposed Directive effectively defines a gene not as a "discovery" (which cannot be patented) but as an "invention" (which can). The United States already allows such patents. If industry gets its way, the genes associated with disorders such as cystic fibrosis and diabetes could become the property of a multinational drug company. In addition, members of the public who undergo genetic screening to see whether they are affected or not would have to pay a royalty to the company which owns the patent on the genes" [source: the cornerhouse]

Reform UNO status:

The idea is to reform the status of the UNO by redrawing its countries representation, the executive power it has, and to reinforce the application of its decision and recommendations.

Regulation of airplane traffic:

This category mixes mostly two kinds of struggles and resistances. By one side, ecologist and environmental groups advocacies against the increasing traffic of airplanes whom are one the major causes of air pollution; and also, communities of neighbors directly affected by airplane nuisances, sound, pollution, vibrations, etc.

Requisition and/or Squatting of lodging for homeless and/or without papers:

Means to occupy illegally an abandon space and to make it available for different purposes that are generally, to lodge homeless people, or/and, to create a social center that would work as an autonomous space to develop cultural, social and political activities such as meetings, workshops, food cooperatives, collective nurseries etc. The squatting can be developed also in rural abandoned village's places. The aims and motivations are generally related to organize from outside an alternative way of life more based in community share, be able to cover its own necessities (food, clothes, energy, recycling etc.) Generally, the rural squatting is more developed by families, the urban squatting is more related to young activists or single individual’s persons that doesn't have already developed their own family.

Right to asylum:

The right to asylum is the basic right to be protected by the immigration policies but it is a right increasingly violated. Those mobilization focuses mainly on the respect of the right to asylum for political immigrants from abroad and tries to enlarge this concept to any country in war.

Right to the body :

The right to the body implies to have a complete control on the uses and decisions related to one's body, including the right to abortion, to don't suffer mutilations on one's sexual organs or in any place, the right to dress as one's want, and so on. The body becomes the central core of the mobilization, it is in this sense a mobilization that rise up the political uses of the body in a biopolitic way.

Right to have lodging:

This is a constitutional right in mainly countries, nevertheless it is one of the most non protected and regulated. The mobilizations, fights and resistances have been through times a perpetual demand and reshape of the status of lodging. Today the mobilizations to have the right to lodging are heterogeneous, going from squatting houses, to occupy them for immigrant’s people, and passing through dynamics of negotiation with institutions to give an "official"recognition of those occupied places or to get spaces where there can have the development of lodging cooperatives for instance.

Right for anyone to have lodging:

Those mobilizations are specifically oriented towards the liberation, construction and development of spaces and places where people can live; they are pragmatic mobilizations oriented towards a short term solution, negotiating with institutions or developing self-autonomous tactics to achieve the necessity to get a roof.

Right for papers:

Even if there is another category that is specifically about "migrants and mobility rights", we think that the right for papers has been an increasing social and political demand that has merged from the groups and collectives working about precariety and the lack of basic conditions to have a life under conditions of dignity. Inside this category we will range all the mobilizations related to the regularization of "illegal "immigrants. Those fights oscillate from the negation of the need to keep on with migratory policies, advocating for papers for everybody, until the legitimating of those process of "control " and "regulation" of the immigration but maintaining, and reinforcing, the right for asylum per example.

Rights of the precarious:

Mobilizations that aims to organize the new partial, intermittent, temporal and flexible workers. Organize through unions, campaigns, networks.

Riots:

"Riots occur when crowds of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence" [source: wikipedia]

Roadblocks:

"A roadblock is a temporary installation set up to control or block traffic along a road." [source: wikipedia]

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Satellite dishes:

Installation of broadcast television through deep dishes, permit communities to develop their own audiovisual TV programs and to spread them abroad.

Satyagraha (non-violent protest):

"Satyagraha (Sanskrit: truth + grasp/hold) is the philosophy of non-violent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj and also against apartheid in South Africa. Translators have rendered the word satyagraha as "civil disobedience", "passive resistance", "truth force", or "the willingness to endure great personal suffering in order to do what's right". English-speakers may also use the term "non-violent protest". The literal translation however will be sat(truth)+ aagraha(persuade) = sadagraha. The three parts of satyagraha: 1. Sat - truth; implying openness, honesty, and fairness. 2. Ahimsa - refusal to inflict injury upon others. 3. Tapasya - willingness for self-sacrifice" [source: wikipedia]

Seminar:

A meeting where people gets to meet face to face and develop a reflection together sharing their personal experiences upon a specific thematic.

Sit-down strike:

"Is a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down"at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with scab labor or, in some cases, moving production to other locations. Workers had used this technique since the turn of the century, not only in the United States, but also in Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia, and France. The United Auto Workers used this tactic with great success, most famously in the Flint Sit-Down Strike, in which strikers not only held a number of General Motors plants for more than forty days, but repelled the efforts of the police and National Guard to retake them. A wave of sitdown strikes followed, but ended by the end of the decade as the courts and the National Labor Relations Board held that sitdown strikers could be fired. While some sitdown strikes still occur in the United States, they tend to be spontaneous and short-lived. French workers engaged in a number of factory occupations in the wake of the French student revolt in May, 1968. At one point more than twenty-five percent of French workers were on strike, many of them occupying their factories. The sitdown strike was the inspiration for the sit-in, where an organized group of protesters would occupy an area they are not wanted by sitting and refuse to leave until their demands are met." [source: wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitdown_strike]

Sit ins:

"A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for protest, often political, social, or economic change. ...In a sit-in, protesters seat themselves and remain seated until they are evicted, usually by force, or until their requests have been met. Sit-ins have been a highly successful form of protest because they cause disruption that draws attention to the protest and by proxy the protesters' cause. The forced removal of protesters and sometimes the answer of non-violence with violence often arouses sympathy from the public, increasing the chances of the demonstrators reaching their goal. Sit-ins usually occur indoors at businesses or government offices but they have also occurred in plazas, parks, and even streets." [source: wikipedia]

Social centers:

Places that have been developed through autonomous ways, basing themselves in cooperative share of the caring of the space and in the development of activities from and for the people of the neighborhood, the community and/or the social movements.

Socials Forums:

"The European Social Forum (ESF) is an yearly (now biyearly) conference held by members of the anti-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). It aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperialist groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major European and global issues. In order to coordinate campaigns, share ideas and refine organizing strategies. It is emerged from the World Social Forum and follows its charter of principles from Porto Alegre" [source: wikipedia]

Social Movements:

A social movement carries several acceptances. It can be understood as the conjunction of various, heterogeneous, groups organizations and collectives that share a set of common views and ideas about a social and political problematic, sharing (or not) the same ideas about the praxis and methodologies to challenge and achieve a process of social transformation about the common problematic; it can be a generic name addressed from the outside to the groups and actors that are developing activist and militant praxis; it can be also a way to identify a social dynamic that cuts through humanity history: the desire for social transformation, to create social, political, ethic evolution, the need for push forward the contemporary frontiers and enclosures of any kind (moral, sexual, familiar, religious, political, etc.).

"Generally speaking, a social movement begins from a condition of latency where people are becoming concerned about an issue and there is a social basis for the movement, but there is as yet no movement or organization; then there is a period of anomie, when demonstrations or actions take place in an isolated way until, usually, someone, possibly a famous personality, writer or public figure, puts forward the principle in a form which enables the movement to give itself a name and begin to formulate a program; at first social movements are generally unstructured and lack formal rules and programs, but in time these grow up and in direct proportion as a social movement develops its program, within its ranks there develops various ‘party-lines’; a social movement has completed its mission when its defining principle has been accepted by all and written into the programs of all political parties and all aspects of social life, and at the same time, the principle has grown from being a "single issue" to constituting one aspect of the "world views" of the various parties. Thus social movements tend to have a finite life-cycle; social movements invariably find themselves fragmenting "along party lines" just as they become all-powerful." [source: marxist glossary]

Speculation :

We can range in this category mobilizations oriented to denounce, make visible, and to challenge contemporary trade agencies speculation. It can consists in making visible the actions of private proprietary and institutions in the generation of ghettos, gentrification phenomenon or massive urbanism projects developed to remove poor and low class from urban spaces.

Squatted camps:

The squatted have been mostly developed by groups near the anti-nuclear movement, mainly in Germany. The squatted camps consists on ephemera installation of tents so to be able to stay in a place that has got a symbolical strong meaning (near a nuclear center, in front of a corporate headquarter, or in a central square). In Spain, a similar acceptance could be the "acampadas", as they have been done in some squares in the city to protest against war or immigration policies. There is also a model of squatted camps that is develop to last for weeks or months, developed mainly by workers on strike. A recent European squatted camp has been developed during months by the workers of Sintel, a telecommunication enterprise. They did camp in a central square of Madrid to protest against their firing and bad financial compensations

Squatting and/or Requisition of lodging for homeless and/or without papers:

Means to occupy illegally an abandon space and to make it available for different purposes that are generally, to lodge homeless people, or/and, to create a social center that would work as an autonomous space to develop cultural, social and political activities such as meetings, workshops, food cooperatives, collective nurseries etc. The squatting can be developed also in rural abandoned village's places. The aims and motivations are generally related to organize from outside an alternative way of life more based in community share, be able to cover its own necessities (food, clothes, energy, recycling etc.) Generally, the rural squatting is more developed by families, the urban squatting is more related to young activists or single individual’s persons that doesn't have already developed their own family.

Street music:

Refers to any action where group of people plays together music in the streets and other public spaces

Street Party - Parties in public spaces:

"The street is an extremely important symbol because your whole enculturation experience is geared around keeping you out of the street. The idea is to keep everyone indoors. So, when you come to challenge the powers that be, inevitably you find yourself on the curbstone of indifference, wondering "should I play it safe and stay on the sidewalks, or should I go into the street?"And it is the ones who are taking the most risks that will ultimately effect the change in society" [Source: Reclaim the streets party]

Street Theater:

"Street theatre is a form of theatrical presentation and performance in outdoor public spaces without a specific paying audience. These spaces can be anywhere, including shopping centers, car parks, recreational reserves and street corners. They are specially seen in outdoor spaces where there are large numbers of people. The actors who perform street theatre range from buskers to organized theatre companies or groups that want to experiment with performance spaces, or to promote their mainstream work. Sometimes performers are commissioned, especially for street festivals, children's shows or parades, but more often street theatre performers are unpaid or gather some income through the 'dropping of a coin in a hat' by the audience" [source: wikipedia]

Strike action:

"Strike action (or simply a strike) is collective action undertaken by groups of workers in the form of a refusal to perform work. Strikes first became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries they were quickly made illegal as factory owners had far more political power than the workers. Most western countries legalized striking partially in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century." [ source: wikipedia]

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Tax capital and financial transactions:

The most famous option to develop the taxation on financial transactions is the Tobin Tax: "A Tobin tax is the suggested tax on all trade of currency across borders. This is supposed to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. The proposed tax rate would be low, between 0.05 and 1.0 per cent. The name comes from the economist James Tobin. It was in 1972, soon after the Nixon administration pulled the United States out of the Bretton Woods system, that Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include an international charge on foreign-exchange transactions. Professor Tobin later received a Bank of Sweden Prize in Economics in 1981, and his name will evermore be fixed to this idea. The idea lay dormant for more than 20 years. In 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of Le Monde Diplomatique, renewed the debate around the Tobin tax with an editorial titled "Disarming the markets". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in Parliaments of the entire world." [Source: wikipedia]

[Against paying] Taxes for the military budget:

To create an alternative and be able to oppose the fact that part of the money paid to taxes shouldn't be reversed in military funds.

Telestreet:

"Telestreet is at its origins a network of almost 200 micro TV stations across Italy. Given the time and expense required for producing television the net is used as a means to share high-quality content between stations. New Global Vision is a series of servers where local content producers upload high-resolution video good enough for broadcast. This means of sharing content gives the Telestreets sufficient material to make stations viable and regular. Much use is also made of other online tools such as peer to peer software like BitTorrent? to download movies and TV shows and redistribute them via Telestreet for free in the area." [source: radicalis a discourse on the roots of change]

Tent city:

"Tent City is the name common to a series of organized shanty towns of homeless people in the greater Seattle, Washington, USA area. Homeless people have long resorted to seeking shelter in tent groups, but these communities are one of the first known to be organized by a sponsoring organization (a partnership between the Seattle Housing and Resource Effort and Women's Housing Equality and Enhancement League, often referred to by the combined acronym SHARE/WHEEL), and, even more notably, are one of the first in a major U.S. city to be largely accepted by local governments. The original Tent City and Tent City 2, created in the 1990s, were created illegally and opposed by the City of Seattle. City officials tolerated their presence longer than many cities would have, but eventually forced both to be shut down. In March of 2002, as a result of a legal battle, city attorney Mark Sidran signed a court ordered consent decree with SHARE allowing Tent City only on private land and setting standards for its operation. Tent City leaders do not allow drug or alcohol use, and evict anyone caught stealing or committing other crimes. Bothell Police Chief Forrest Conover has said that there was no increase in crime during the time Tent City 4 was located there. Nonetheless, fears of crime are almost always cited by those who oppose Tent City 4, and several residents of Tent City 4 were evicted after it was discovered they had felony warrants for their arrest. Contrary to some stereotypes regarding the homeless, many residents of Tent City are employed, but have insufficient income to obtain more permanent housing. Tent City 3 and Tent City 4 have faced opposition in most communities they move to."[source: wikipedia]

Third audiovisual sector:

No public, no private, the third audiovisual sector is composed by groups merging from civil society and social movements that share a non profit perspective. Those groups involved with information issues and hegemonic relations with mass medias are reclaiming and developing collective, cooperative and free uses of the audiovisual tools so they can develop and communicate with alternative medias inside the common hertz spectrum.

Timeline:

"Timelines are representations of historical events in chronological sequence. They are important in understanding history." [source: wikipedia]

[Remembering a] Tragedy:

Commemoration of something hard, violent, that did happened in the past to persons that were involved in the social movement or the activist group.

Transexual, Gay and Lesbians rights:

"The gay rights movement comprises a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and related causes. Although it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also promote the rights of groups of individuals who do not necessarily identify as being" [source: wikipedia]

[Against] Trial or jail against activists:

Actions to show solidarity and support to colleagues that are in jail or treat of possible jail through trials.

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Unemployment:

Meaning all mobilizations focused to denounce the utilization by the capitalist system of a permanent situation of competition between workers because of the increasing difficulties to get a job, and then a stable job. Inside this category we do also list the struggles that have been developed by unemployed people, like the committee of unemployed people during the events of 1995 until 1998 in France [ See: Le manifeste des chômeurs heureux]

Union activity right:

The right to unionize is not respected in several places, by several enterprises and corporations. At the same time a wave there as been with the wage of the ”new spirit of capitalism” [Bolnstanki & Chiapello] a rise of new jobs that don’t fit inside traditional patterns of trade unions, immaterial workers as programmers, temporal flexible worker and feminization of work. As a consequence there has been an increasing resurgence of struggles to protect and reinforce the right for any worker to unionize.

Universal allocation:

The aim is to provide everybody on earth with a basic salary resource to take care for its vital necessities. As the life time has become time of work, the universal allocation seems to be the simple way to cover human necessities. This demand is been supported by several groups and networks from north and south places.

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w.

War:

The most recent mobilizations have been against the preventive war on Iraq. We collect inside this category all mobilizations to oppose and stop wars.

Weapons trade:

Actions oriented towards stopping weapons trade and production.

Week of actions:

A cycle of 7 days meanwhile groups from around the world or a same continent develop collective actions around a problematic they share and want to make more visible inside the public and mediascape.

Wifi :

Internet through radio frequencies: "Wi-Fi (or Wi-fi, WiFi, Wifi, wifi), short for "Wireless Fidelity", is a set of product compatibility standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications. New standards beyond the 802.11 specifications, such as 802.16(WiMAX), are currently in the works and offer many enhancements, anywhere from longer range to greater transfer speeds. [...] While commercial services attempt to move existing business models to Wi-Fi, many groups, communities, cities, and individuals have set up free Wi-Fi networks, often adopting a common peering agreement in order that networks can openly share with each other. Free wireless mesh networks are often considered the future of the internet. Many municipalities have joined with local community groups to help expand free Wi-Fi networks. Some community groups have built their Wi-Fi networks entirely based on volunteer efforts and donations. For more information, see wireless community network, where there is also a list of the free Wi-Fi networks one can find around the globe. [source: wikipedia]

Women day:

"International Women's Day, or International Woman's Day (IWD), is marked on 8 March every year. It is a major day of global celebration for the economic, political and social achievements of women. Among other relevant historic events, it commemorates the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (New York, 1911), where over 140 women lost their lives.
The idea of having an international women's day was first put forward at the turn of the 20th century amid rapid world industrialization and economic expansion that led to protests over working conditions. Women from clothing and textile factories staged one such protest on March 8, 1857 in New York City. The garment workers were protesting what they saw as very poor working conditions and low wages. The protesters were attacked and dispersed by police. These women established their first labor union in the same month two years later. "[source: wikipedia]

Working conditions:

Mobilizations related mainly with the conditions of dignity, security and ethics of the working places.

World AIDS day:

"World AIDS Day, observed December 1, is dedicated to raising awareness of the global AIDS epidemic caused by the spread of HIV infection.
The concept originated at the 1988 World Summit of Ministers of Health on Programmes for AIDS Prevention. Since then, it has been taken up by governments, international organizations and charities around the world." [source: wikipedia]

World Bank:

"The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to countries for purposes of development and poverty reduction, and for encouraging and safeguarding international investment. The group and its affiliates are headquartered in Washington, D.C.Together with the separate International Monetary Fund (IMF) (which provides finance to alleviate balance of payments problems), the World Bank organizations are sometimes called the Bretton Woods institutions, after Bretton Woods, New Hampshire , where the international conference that led to their establishment took place (1-22 July 1944)." [source: wikipedia]

World economic forum (Davos) :

"The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Geneva-based foundation whose Annual Meeting of chief executives of the world's richest corporations, some national political leaders (presidents, prime ministers and others), and selected intellectuals and journalists, about 2000 people in all, is usually held in Davos, Switzerland. There are also regional meetings throughout the year. It was founded in 1971 by Klaus M. Schwab, a business professor in Switzerland, and has helped fund his family foundation, the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship" [source: wikipedia]

World Food Summit:

"The World Food Summit was held in Rome in 1996, with the aim of renewing global commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under-nutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. The conference produced two key documents, the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action. The Rome Declaration calls for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015. The Plan of Action sets a number of targets for government and non-governmental organizations for achieving food security, at the individual, household, national, regional and global levels." [source: wikipedia]

World Trade Organization:

"The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization which oversees a large number of agreements defining the "rules of trade"between its member states (WTO, 2004a). The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and operates with the broad goal of reducing or abolishing international trade barriers. WTO headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. On 13 May 2005, Pascal Lamy was elected the Director-General. He will take over from Supachai Panitchpakdi on September 1, 2005. As of 12 December 2004, there are 148 members in the organization (WTO, 2004a). All WTO members are required to grant one another most favored nation status, such that (with some exceptions) trade concessions granted by a WTO member to another country must be granted to all WTO members" [source: wikipedia]

World Women March:

"We have realized our dream of giving the women's movement the opportunity to take its place and give voice to our demands in spheres rarely frequented by us. In 2000 our marching feet and voices reverberated in a way seldom seen by the women's movement. How did we accomplish this? By using the simple, but tried and true recipe of providing women with the opportunity to talk together, tell our stories and find the common thread that unites us in action. Each of us participated in this process during the past few years. With the World March of Women we have broadened our networks of influence with each other but also in relation to the decision-makers closest to us and those distant from our scrutiny in institutions like the UN, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The main reason for marching was to increase the influence of the analysis underpinning our desire to redefine the political, social and economic rules that govern us. Feminism is a way of thinking, a social movement, an alternative and another perspective from which to understand the world. Feminism is more than simply observing inequality and obtaining access to positions of power. We are driven by the need to dismantle systems that perpetuate fear and hatred of "the other"and justify violence; we denounce all systems that generate exclusion and reinforce domination" [source: marche mondiale des femmes]

WSIS:

"WSIS is the abbreviation for World Summit on the Information Society. The Summit is popularly referred to as WSIS. Envisaged in two phases, the first Summit was held in Geneva 10-12 December 2003, where the foundations were laid by reaching agreement on a Declaration of Principles and a Plan of Action. The second phase will be held in Tunis, 16-18 November 2005, to implement the agenda leading up to achievable targets by 2015, and to agree on unfinished business, most importantly on the question of Internet governance and of financing mechanisms." [source: ITU]

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